Aby Moritz Warburg, better known as Aby Warburg, (June 13, 1866 – October 26, 1929) was a German art historian and

cultural theorist Culture theory is the branch of comparative anthropology and semiotics (not to be confused with cultural sociology or cultural studies) that seeks to define the heuristic concept of culture in operational and/or scientific terms. Overview In ...

who founded the Kulturwissenschaftliche Bibliothek Warburg (Library for Cultural Studies), a private library, which was later moved to the

Warburg Institute The Warburg Institute is a research institution associated with the University of London in central London, England. A member of the School of Advanced Study, its focus is the study of cultural history and the role of images in culture – cro ...

, London. At the heart of his research was the legacy of the classical world, and the transmission of classical representation, in the most varied areas of Western culture through to the Renaissance. Warburg described himself as: "''Amburghese di cuore, ebreo di sangue, d'anima Fiorentino''" ('Hamburger at heart, Jew by blood, Florentine in spirit').

Life

Aby Warburg was born in

Hamburg (male), (female) en, Hamburger(s), Hamburgian(s) , timezone1 = Central (CET) , utc_offset1 = +1 , timezone1_DST = Central (CEST) , utc_offset1_DST = +2 , postal ...

into the wealthy

Warburg family The Warburg family is a prominent German and American banking family of German Jewish and originally Venetian Jewish descent, noted for their varied accomplishments in biochemistry, botany, political activism, economics, investment banking, law, ...

of German Jewish bankers. His ancestors had come to Germany from Italy in the 17th century and settled in the town of

Warburg Warburg (; Westphalian: ''Warberich'' or ''Warborg'') is a town in eastern North Rhine-Westphalia, central Germany on the river Diemel near the three-state point shared by Hessen, Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia. It is in Höxter distri ...

in Westphalia, taking on the town's name as their family name. In the 18th century the Warburgs moved to Altona near Hamburg. Two brothers Warburg founded the banking firm M. M. Warburg & Co in Hamburg, which today again has an office there. Aby Warburg was the first of seven children born to Moritz Warburg, director of the Hamburg bank, and his wife Charlotte, née

Oppenheim Oppenheim () is a town in the Mainz-Bingen district of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The town is a well-known wine center, being the home of the German Winegrowing Museum, and is particularly known for the wines from the Oppenheimer Krötenbru ...

. Aby Warburg showed an early interest in literature and history and the second eldest son,

Max Warburg Max Moritz Warburg (5 June 1867 – 26 December 1946) was a German banker and scion of the wealthy Warburg family based in Hamburg, Germany. Early life Max Warburg was one of seven children born to Moritz Warburg, the director of the family's Ha ...

went into the Hamburg bank, younger brothers

Paul Paul may refer to: *Paul (given name), a given name (includes a list of people with that name) * Paul (surname), a list of people People Christianity *Paul the Apostle (AD c.5–c.64/65), also known as Saul of Tarsus or Saint Paul, early Chri ...

and

Felix Felix may refer to: * Felix (name), people and fictional characters with the name Places * Arabia Felix is the ancient Latin name of Yemen * Felix, Spain, a municipality of the province Almería, in the autonomous community of Andalusia, ...

also entered banking. Max Warburg established the Warburg family bank as a "global player".

Childhood and youth

Warburg grew up in a conservative Jewish home environment. Early on he demonstrated an unstable, unpredictable and volatile temperament. Warburg as a child reacted against the religious rituals which were punctiliously observed in his family, and rejected all career plans envisaged for him. He did not want to be a rabbi, as his grandmother wished, nor a doctor or lawyer. Aby Warburg met with resistance from his relatives, but he forced through his plans to study art history. Aby famously made a deal with his brother Max to forfeit his right, as the eldest son, to take over the family firm, in return for an undertaking on Max's part to provide him with all the books he ever needed.

Studies

In 1886 Warburg began his study of art history, history and archaeology in Bonn and attended the lectures on the history of religion by

Hermann Usener Hermann Karl Usener (23 October 1834 – 21 October 1905) was a German scholar in the fields of philology and comparative religion. Life Hermann Usener was born at Weilburg and educated at its Gymnasium. From 1853 he studied at Heidelberg, ...

, those on cultural history by

Karl Lamprecht Karl Gotthard Lamprecht (25 February 1856 – 10 May 1915) was a German historian who specialized in German art and economic history. Biography Lamprecht was born in Jessen in the Province of Saxony. As a student, he trained in history, politic ...

and on art history by

Carl Justi Carl Justi (2 August 1832, in Marburg – 9 December 1912, in Bonn) was a German art historian, who practised a biographical approach to art history. Professor of art history at the University of Bonn, he wrote three major critical biographies ...

. He continued his studies in Munich and with Hubert Janitschek in Strasbourg, completing under him his dissertation on Botticelli's paintings ''The Birth of Venus'' and ''Primavera''. From 1888 to 1889 he studied the sources of these pictures at the Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florence. He was now interested in applying the methods of natural science to the human sciences. The dissertation was completed in 1892 and printed in 1893. Warburg's study introduced into art history a new method, that of iconography or

iconology Iconology is a method of interpretation in cultural history and the history of the visual arts used by Aby Warburg, Erwin Panofsky and their followers that uncovers the cultural, social, and historical background of themes and subjects in the visu ...

, later developed by

Erwin Panofsky Erwin Panofsky (March 30, 1892 in Hannover – March 14, 1968 in Princeton, New Jersey) was a German-Jewish art historian, whose academic career was pursued mostly in the U.S. after the rise of the Nazi regime. Panofsky's work represents a high ...

. After receiving his doctorate Warburg studied for two semesters at the Medical Faculty of the

University of Berlin Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (german: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, abbreviated HU Berlin) is a German public research university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin. It was established by Frederick William III on the initiative ...

, where he attended lectures on psychology. During this period he undertook a further trip to Florence.

Travels in the United States

In 1895, Aby's brother

Paul Warburg Paul Moritz Warburg (August 10, 1868 – January 24, 1932) was a German-born American investment banker who served as the 2nd Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve from 1916 to 1918. Prior to his term as vice chairman, Warburg appointed as a member o ...

married Nina Loeb (daughter of

Solomon Loeb Solomon Loeb (June 29, 1828 – December 12, 1903) was a German-born American banker and businessman. He was a merchant in textiles and later a banker with Kuhn, Loeb & Co. Biography His father, a devout Jew, had been a small corn- and wine ...

) in New York City, marking the beginning of Aby Warburg's travels in the southwestern United States. Before heading West, he had met veteran anthropologists

James Mooney James Mooney (February 10, 1861 – December 22, 1921) was an American ethnographer who lived for several years among the Cherokee. Known as "The Indian Man", he conducted major studies of Southeastern Indians, as well as of tribes on the G ...

and

Frank Hamilton Cushing Frank Hamilton Cushing (July 22, 1857 in North East Township, Erie County, Pennsylvania – April 10, 1900 in Washington, D.C.) was an American anthropologist and ethnologist. He made pioneering studies of the Zuni Indians of New Mexico by enter ...

at the

Smithsonian Institution The Smithsonian Institution ( ), or simply the Smithsonian, is a group of museums and education and research centers, the largest such complex in the world, created by the U.S. government "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge". Founded ...

, both of whom contributed to early ethnographies of US American Indians. Aby Warburg 1896

Warburg's first stop in his travels was

Mesa Verde Mesa Verde National Park is an American national park and UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Montezuma County, Colorado. The park protects some of the best-preserved Ancestral Puebloan archaeological sites in the United States. Established ...

to see the

Ancestral Pueblo The Ancestral Puebloans, also known as the Anasazi, were an ancient Native American culture that spanned the present-day Four Corners region of the United States, comprising southeastern Utah, northeastern Arizona, northwestern New Mexico, a ...

cliff dwellings. He continued on to visit a number of

Pueblo In the Southwestern United States, Pueblo (capitalized) refers to the Native tribes of Puebloans having fixed-location communities with permanent buildings which also are called pueblos (lowercased). The Spanish explorers of northern New Spain ...

villages in

New Mexico ) , population_demonym = New Mexican ( es, Neomexicano, Neomejicano, Nuevo Mexicano) , seat = Santa Fe , LargestCity = Albuquerque , LargestMetro = Tiguex , OfficialLang = None , Languages = English, Spanish ( New Mexican), Navajo, Ke ...

before stopping in

San Ildefonso San Ildefonso (), La Granja (), or La Granja de San Ildefonso, is a town and municipality in the Province of Segovia, in the Castile and León autonomous region of central Spain. It is located in the foothills of the Sierra de Guadarrama mounta ...

, where he had the opportunity to photograph a traditional Antelope dance. In

Cochiti Cochiti (; Eastern Keresan: Kotyit ʰocʰi̥tʰ– "Forgotten", Navajo: ''Tǫ́ʼgaaʼ'') is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sandoval County, New Mexico, United States. A historic pueblo of the Cochiti people, it is part of the Albuquerque Me ...

, Warburg convinced a priest and his son to illustrate their people's cosmology; their drawing highlighted the importance of meteorological phenomena and serpents to their cultural worldview. Warburg's interest in Hopi snake imagery was also apparent through his interest in the

snake dance 'Snake dance' is a term used to refer to a parade before or during a high school or a related event like a football game. The parade includes floats built by each high school class, marching bands, students, and alumni. Snake dance may also be mor ...

of the Arizona Hopi. He had first heard of this tradition through discussions with Mooney, and although he never witnessed the dance firsthand it remained influential to his writings about the Hopi. In general, the Hopi culture represented a recurring object of Warburg's fascination: their architecture, rituals, masks, symbolism, and the ancient tradition of pottery painting (a tradition that was undergoing a revival, partly thanks to

Nampeyo Nampeyo (1859 – 1942) was a Hopi-Tewa potter who lived on the Hopi Reservation in Arizona. Her Tewa name was also spelled Num-pa-yu, meaning "snake that does not bite". Her name is also cited as "Nung-beh-yong," Tewa for Sand Snake. She used a ...

). Some of Warburg's observations of the Hopi people were informed by the

Mennonite Mennonites are groups of Anabaptist Christian church communities of denominations. The name is derived from the founder of the movement, Menno Simons (1496–1561) of Friesland. Through his writings about Reformed Christianity during the Radi ...

missionary, evangelist and ethnographer Heinrich R. Voth. Voth shared Warburg's interest in Hopi religion and culture and provided Warburg with details about the famous Hopi snake dance, as well as introducing him to Hopi people and giving him access to sacred Hopi ceremonies and photographic opportunities. In

Oraibi Oraibi, also referred to as Old Oraibi, is a Hopi village in Navajo County, Arizona, United States, in the northeastern part of the state. Known as Orayvi by the native inhabitants, it is on Third Mesa on the Hopi Reservation near Kykotsmovi Vi ...

, the last stop in southwestern voyage, Warburg attended and diligintly recorded his experience at

Kachina A kachina (; also katchina, katcina, or katsina; Hopi: ''katsina'' , plural ''katsinim'' ) is a spirit being in the religious beliefs of the Pueblo peoples, Native American cultures located in the south-western part of the United States. In th ...

dances. Warburg's American travels served as the inspiration for his first forays into photography and ethnography, but aside from two photographic exhibits, his personal accounts of his experiences among the Pueblo and Hopi peoples remained largely unexamined for nearly three decades. He ended up reviving his travel notes for his now-famous 1923 lecture on the Hopi snake dance ritual. In it, he stressed the kinship of religious thinking in

Athens Athens ( ; el, Αθήνα, Athína ; grc, Ἀθῆναι, Athênai (pl.) ) is both the capital and largest city of Greece. With a population close to four million, it is also the seventh largest city in the European Union. Athens dominates ...

and

. The lecture also became the grounds by which Warburg was released from his psychiatric treatment at the Bellevue Sanitorium.

Florence

In 1897 Warburg married, against his father's will, the painter and sculptor Mary Hertz, daughter of Adolph Ferdinand Hertz, a Hamburg senator and member of the Synod of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Hamburg, and Maria Gossler, both members of the traditional

Hanseatic The Hanseatic League (; gml, Hanse, , ; german: label=German language, Modern German, Deutsche Hanse) was a Middle Ages, medieval commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and market towns in Central Europe, Central and Norther ...

elite of Hamburg. The couple had three children: Marietta (1899–1973), Max Adolph (1902–1974) and Frede C. Warburg (1904–2004). In 1898 Warburg and his wife took up residence in Florence. While Warburg was repeatedly plagued by depression, the couple enjoyed a lively social life. Among their Florentine circle could be counted the sculptor

Adolf von Hildebrand Adolf von Hildebrand (6 October 1847 – 18 January 1921) was a German sculptor. Life Hildebrand was born at Marburg, the son of Marburg economics professor Bruno Hildebrand. He studied at the Academy of Fine Arts Nuremberg, with Kaspar von ...

, the writer

Isolde Kurz Maria Clara Isolde Kurz (21 December 1853 – 5 April 1944) was a German poet and short story writer. She was born at Stuttgart, the daughter of Hermann Kurz Hermann Kurz (30 November 1813 – 10 October 1873) was a German poet and novelist. ...

, the English architect and antiquary

Herbert Horne Herbert Percy Horne (1864 in London – 1916 in Florence, Italy) was an English poet, architect, typographer and designer, art historian and antiquarian. He was an associate of the Rhymers' Club in London. He edited the magazines ''The Centur ...

, the Dutch Germanist André Jolles and his wife Mathilde Wolff-Mönckeberg, and the Belgian art historian Jacques Mesnil. The most famous Renaissance specialist of the time, the American

Bernard Berenson Bernard Berenson (June 26, 1865 – October 6, 1959) was an American art historian specializing in the Renaissance. His book ''The Drawings of the Florentine Painters'' was an international success. His wife Mary is thought to have had a large ...

, was likewise in Florence at this period. Warburg, for his part, renounced all sentimental aestheticism, and in his writings criticised a vulgarised idealisation of an individualism that had been imputed to the Renaissance in the work of Jacob Burckhardt. During his years in Florence Warburg investigated the living conditions and business transactions of Renaissance artists and their patrons as well as, more specifically, the economic situation in the Florence of the early Renaissance and the problems of the transition from the Middle Ages to the early Renaissance. A further product of his Florentine period was his series of lectures on

Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 14522 May 1519) was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, Drawing, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect. While his fame initially res ...

, held in 1899 at the

Kunsthalle Hamburg The Hamburger Kunsthalle is the art museum of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, Germany. It is one of the largest art museums in the country. The museum consists of three connected buildings, dating from 1869 (main building), 1921 (Kuppelsaa ...

. In his lectures he discussed Leonardo's study of medieval bestiaries as well as his engagement with the classical theory of proportion of

Vitruvius Vitruvius (; c. 80–70 BC – after c. 15 BC) was a Roman architect and engineer during the 1st century BC, known for his multi-volume work entitled '' De architectura''. He originated the idea that all buildings should have three attribut ...

. He also occupied himself with Botticelli's engagement with the Ancients evident in the representation of the clothing of figures. Feminine clothing takes on a symbolic meaning in Warburg's famous essay, inspired by discussions with Jolles, on the nymphs and the figure of the Virgin in Domenico Ghirlandaio's fresco in

Santa Maria Novella Santa Maria Novella is a church in Florence, Italy, situated opposite, and lending its name to, the city's main railway station. Chronologically, it is the first great basilica in Florence, and is the city's principal Dominican church. The ch ...

in Florence. The contrast evident in the painting between the constricting dress of the matrons and the lightly dressed, quick-footed figure on the far right serves as an illustration of the virulent discussion around 1900 concerning the liberation of female clothing from the standards of propriety imposed by a reactionary bourgeoisie.

Return to Hamburg

In 1902 the family returned to Hamburg, and Warburg presented the findings of his Florentine research in a series of lectures, but at first did not take on a professorship or any other academic position. He rejected a call to a professorship at the

University of Halle Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg (german: Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg), also referred to as MLU, is a public, research-oriented university in the cities of Halle and Wittenberg and the largest and oldest university in ...

in 1912. He became a member of the board of the Völkerkundemuseum, with his brother Max sponsored the foundation of the "Hamburger wissenschatflichen Stiftung" (1907) and the foundation of a university in Hamburg, which succeeded in 1919, and at which he took up a professorship. At this period signs of a mental illness were present which affected his activities as a researcher and teacher. He had

manic depression Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic depression, is a mental disorder characterized by periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood that last from days to weeks each. If the elevated mood is severe or associated with ...

and symptoms of

schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by continuous or relapsing episodes of psychosis. Major symptoms include hallucinations (typically hearing voices), delusions, and disorganized thinking. Other symptoms include social wit ...

, and was hospitalized in

Ludwig Binswanger Ludwig Binswanger (; ; 13 April 1881 – 5 February 1966) was a Swiss psychiatrist and pioneer in the field of existential psychology. His parents were Robert Johann Binswanger (1850–1910) and Bertha Hasenclever (1847–1896). Robert's Ger ...

's neurological clinic in Kreuzlingen, Switzerland in 1921. There he was visited by

Emil Kraepelin Emil Wilhelm Georg Magnus Kraepelin (; ; 15 February 1856 – 7 October 1926) was a German psychiatrist. H. J. Eysenck's ''Encyclopedia of Psychology'' identifies him as the founder of modern scientific psychiatry, psychopharmacology and psych ...

who did not confirm the diagnosis of schizophrenia and suggested Warburg was in a mixed manic-depressive state, a diagnosis with a more positive prognosis. Indeed, his mental conditions improved also thanks to the support of the philosopher

Ernst Cassirer Ernst Alfred Cassirer ( , ; July 28, 1874 – April 13, 1945) was a German philosopher. Trained within the Neo-Kantian Marburg School, he initially followed his mentor Hermann Cohen in attempting to supply an idealistic philosophy of science. A ...

, who visited him in the clinic: "Warburg was highly relieved that Cassirer fully understood his plans to restart his research, that Cassirer highlighted the importance of Warburg's ongoing scientific efforts, and felt he could contribute substantively to the art history discourse" After his release from Binswanger's clinic in 1924, Warburg held occasional lectures and seminars between 1925 and 1929, which took place in a private circle or in his library. Warburg died in Hamburg of a heart attack on 26 October 1929.

Last project: Mnemosyne Atlas

In December 1927, Warburg started to compose a work in the form of a picture atlas named ''Mnemosyne''. It consisted of 40 wooden panels covered with black cloth, on which were pinned nearly 1,000 pictures from books, magazines, newspaper and other daily life sources.Gombrich, E.H. Aby Warburg: An Intellectual Biography. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1986. Print. These pictures were arranged according to different themes: # Coordinates of memory # Astrology and mythology # Archaeological models # Migrations of the ancient gods # Vehicles of tradition # Irruption of antiquity # Dionysiac formulae of emotions # Nike and Fortuna # From the Muses to Manet # Dürer: the gods go North # The age of Neptune # "Art officiel" and the baroque # Re-emergence of antiquity # The classical tradition today There were no captions and only a few texts in the atlas. "Warburg certainly hoped that the beholder would respond with the same intensity to the images of passion or of suffering, of mental confusion or of serenity, as he had done in his work." Mnemosyne Atlas was left unfinished when Warburg died in 1929.

References

Bibliography

Writings

*''Das Schlangenritual''. Ein Reisebericht. Mit einem Nachwort von Ulrich Raulff. Berlin 1988. *''Gesammelte Schriften'' (Studienausgabe), Berlin: Akademie-Verlag (since 2015 De Gruyter): * Vol. I.1,2: ''Die Erneuerung der heidnischen Antike. Beiträge zur Geschichte der europäischen Literatur.'' Edited by Horst Bredekamp and

Michael Diers Michael Diers (born 15 March 1950, in Werl, West Germany) is a German people, German art historian and professor of art history in Hamburg and Berlin. Diers studied art history, literature, and philosophy in Münster and Hamburg, where he receive ...

, 2 Vol. eprint of the first edition 1932 Berlin 1998. * Vol. II.1: ''Der Bilderatlas MNEMOSYNE''. Ed. by Martin Warnke and Claudia Brink. Berlin 2000. * Vol. II.2: ''Bilderreihen und Ausstellungen''. Ed. by Uwe Fleckner and Isabella Woldt. Berlin 2012. * Vol. III.2: ''Bilder aus dem Gebiet der Pueblo-Indianer in Nord-Amerika''. Ed. by Uwe Fleckner. Berlin 2018. * Vol. IV: ''Fragmente zur Ausdruckskunde''. Ed. by Ulrich Pfisterer and Hans Christian Hoenes. Berlin 2015. * Vol. V: ''Briefe''. Ed. by Michael Diers and Steffen Haug with Thomas Helbig. Berlin 2021. * Vol. VII: ''Tagebuch der Kulturwissenschaftlichen Bibliothek Warburg''. Ed. by Karen Michels and Charlotte Schoell-Glass. Berlin 2001.

Literature

Bibliographies * Dieter Wuttke: ''Aby-M.-Warburg-Bibliographie 1866 bis 1995. Werk und Wirkung; mit Annotationen.'' Baden-Baden: Koerner 1998. * Björn Biester / Dieter Wuttke: ''Aby M. Warburg-Bibliographie 1996 bis 2005 : mit Annotationen und mit Nachträgen zur Bibliographie 1866 bis 1995''. Koerner, Baden-Baden 2007, * Thomas Gilbhard: ''Warburg more bibliographico'', in:

Nouvelles de la République des Lettres ''Nouvelles de la république des lettres'' (''News from the Republic of Letters'') was a periodical devoted to reviews of current publications, edited and in large part written by Pierre Bayle. It began publication in 1684, and is the first known ...

, 2008/2.
Warburg-Bibliography 2006ff online
Biographies * Ernst H. Gombrich: ''Aby Warburg. An Intellectual Biography.'', The Warburg Institute, London, 1970; German Edition Frankfurt, 1981, reissued Hamburg 2006.
partly as PDF, 2.014 KB
* Bernd Roeck: ''Der junge Aby Warburg'', München, 1997. *

Carl Georg Heise Carl Georg Heise (28 June 1890 – 11 August 1979) was a German art historian. From 1945 to 1955 he was director of the Kunsthalle Hamburg. Life Heise was born into a Hamburg mercantile family with artistic interests. In about 1906 Aby Warburg b ...

: ''Persönliche Erinnerungen an Aby Warburg'', Hrsg. und kommentiert von Björn Biester und Hans-Michael Schäfer,. (Gratia. Bamberger Schriften zur Renaissanceforschung 43). Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 2005. * Mark A. Russell: ''Between Tradition and Modernity: Aby Warburg and the Public Purposes of Art in Hamburg, 1896-1918'', Berghahn Books, New York and Oxford, 2007. * Karen Michels: ''Aby Warburg — Im Bannkreis der Ideen'', C.H. Beck, München, 2007. * Marie-Anne Lescourret, ''Aby Warburg ou la tentation du regard'', Hazan, Paris, 2013. Monographs * Silvia Ferretti: ''Cassirer, Panofsky and Warburg: Symbol, Art and History.'' Yale U.P., London, New Haven 1989. * Horst Bredekamp,

, Charlotte Schoell-Glass (eds.): ''Aby Warburg. Akten des internat. Symposiums Hamburg 1990.'' Weinheim 1991. * P. Schmidt: ''Aby Warburg und die Ikonologie''. Mit e. Anhang unbekannter Quellen zur Geschichte der Internat. Gesellschaft für ikonographische Studien von D. Wuttke. 2. Aufl. Wiesbaden 1993. * Charlotte Schoell-Glass, ''Aby Warburg und der Antisemitismus. Kulturwissenschaft als Geistespolitik''. Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main 1998. *

Georges Didi-Huberman Georges Didi-Huberman FBA (born 13 June 1953) is a French philosopher and art historian. Biography Georges Didi-Huberman was born on 13 June 1953 in Saint-Étienne. He has been a scholar at the French Academy in Rome (Villa Medici) and resid ...

, ''L'image survivante: histoire de l'art et temps des fantômes selon Aby Warburg''. Les Éd. de Minuit, Paris 2002. * Hans-Michael Schäfer: ''Die Kulturwissenschaftliche Bibliothek Warburg. Geschichte und Persönlichkeit der Bibliothek Warburg mit Berücksichtigung der Bibliothekslandschaft und der Stadtsituation der Freien u. Hansestadt Hamburg zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts.'' Logos Verlag, Berlin 2003. * * Ludwig Binswanger: ''Aby Warburg: La guarigione infinita. Storia clinica di Aby Warburg.'' A cura di Davide Stimilli. Vicenza 2005 (German:
Die unendliche Heilung. Aby Warburgs Krankengeschichte
', Zürich/Berlin
diaphanes
2007). * ''Photographs at the Frontier'', Nicholas Mann et alii eds., London 1990 * Cora Bender, Thomas Hensel, Erhard Schüttpelz (eds.): ''Schlangenritual. Der Transfer der Wissensformen vom Tsu'ti'kive der Hopi bis zu Aby Warburgs Kreuzlinger Vortrag.'' Akademie Verlag, Berlin 2007. * Wolfgang Bock: ''Urbild und magische Hülle.Aby Warburgs Theorie der Astrologie'', in: Bock: ''Astrologie und Aufklärung. Über modernen Aberglauben'', Stuttgart: Metzler 1995, pp. 265–254 * Wolfgang Bock: ''Verborgene Himmelslichter. Sterne als messianische Orientierung. Benjamin, Warburg'', in: Bock: ''Walter Benjamin. Die Rettung der Nacht. Sterne, Melancholie und Messianismus'', Bielefeld: Aisthesis, 2000, pp. 195–218 * Thomas Hensel: ''Wie aus der Kunstgeschichte eine Bildwissenschaft wurde: Aby Warburgs Graphien.'' Akademie Verlag, Berlin 2011 Essays *

Carlo Ginzburg Carlo Ginzburg (; born April 15, 1939) is an Italian historian and proponent of the field of microhistory. He is best known for ''Il formaggio e i vermi'' (1976, English title: '' The Cheese and the Worms''), which examined the beliefs of an Ita ...

, 'From Aby Warburg to E.H. Gombrich: A Problem of Method', Clues, Myths, and the Historical Method, John and Anne C. Tedeschi, trans, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986, 17-59 *

Griselda Pollock Griselda Frances Sinclair Pollock''The International Who's Who of Women''; 3rd ed.; ed. Elizabeth Sleeman, Europa Publications, 2002, p. 453 (born 11 March 1949) is an art historian and cultural analyst of international, postcolonial feminist stud ...

"Aby Warburg (1866–1929). 'Thinking Jewish' in Modernity"
in: Jacques Picard et al. (eds.), ''Makers of Jewish Modernity: Thinkers, Artists, Leaders, and the World They Made'', Princeton and Oxford 2016, pp. 108–125 * Massimo Colella, ''«Luce esterna (Mitra) e interna (G. Bruno)». Il viaggio bruniano di Aby Warburg'', in «Intersezioni. Rivista di storia delle idee», XL, 1, 2020, pp. 33-56.

External links

*
Summary of writings

at www.astro.uni-bonn.de *
Mnemosyne: Meanderings Through Aby Warburg's Atlas
' – High quality scans and extensive readings of selected plates of Warburg's Mnemosyne Atlas (Cornell University Library / The Warburg Institute)
engramma, an italian journal for Warburgian studies

Warburg Institute

''Warburg, Aby''.
in the
''Dictionary of Art Historians''
Lee Sorensen, ed. {{DEFAULTSORT:Warburg, Aby 1866 births 1929 deaths German art historians German male non-fiction writers Jewish historians Jews from Hamburg People associated with the Warburg Institute People with bipolar disorder People with schizophrenia

Aby Warburg Aby Moritz Warburg, better known as Aby Warburg, (June 13, 1866 – October 26, 1929) was a German art historian and cultural theorist who founded the Kulturwissenschaftliche Bibliothek Warburg (Library for Cultural Studies), a private library, ...